^ a b Klinger, Marco Caviggioli, Fabio Klinger, Francesco Villani, Federico Arra, Erseida Di Tommaso, Luca (2011)."Management of tuberous breast "deformity" with anatomic cohesive silicone gel breast implants". ^ Panchapakesan V, Brown MH (January 2009).For those seeking non-surgical solutions, counseling may be recommended as a way of coming to terms with body image. As tuberous breasts are a congenital deformity, referral for treatment under the National Health Service may be possible in the United Kingdom. A less complicated single-stage approach using saline implants can also provide a satisfactory aesthetic result. The procedure to change the appearance of tuberous breasts can be more complicated than a regular breast augmentation, and some plastic surgeons have specialist training in tuberous breast correction. The appearance of tuberous breasts can potentially be changed through surgical procedures, including the tissue expansion method, use of autologous fat grafting and breast implants. Surgical papers about the techniques useful in correcting tubular breasts note thatĮven when results are not perfect, the psychological impact of treatment is immense, with notable improvements in self-esteem to the level where the person engages in normal social activities. Tubular breasts may lead to psychosexual problems with girls in very early puberty being affected psychologically due to the unusual shape of the breast. However, other physical aspects of fertility and pregnancy are not affected by the condition. The condition can cause low milk supply in breastfeeding women. The effect of the condition on the appearance of the breast can range from mild to severe, and typical characteristics include: enlarged, puffy areola, unusually wide spacing between the breasts, minimal breast tissue, sagging, higher than normal breast fold, and narrow base at the chest wall. Tuberous breasts are not simply small or underdeveloped breasts. This condition is also known as constricted breasts, tubular breasts, herniated areolar complexes, conical breast, domen nipple, lower pole hypoplasia and hypoplastic breasts. The surgical classifications refer to which areas of the breast are affected and is divided into three grades mainly in the inferomedial quadrant (Grade I) in the two inferior quadrants (Grade II) or affecting the whole breast (Grade III). The tuberous breast deformity was first described by Rees and Aston in 1976 following which a method of classifying the severity was developed.
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